Diagnostic proficiency test using digital cytopathology and comparative assessment of whole slide images of cytologic samples for quality assurance program in Korea

Background@#The Korean Society for Cytopathology introduced a digital proficiency test (PT) in 2021. However, many doubtful opinions remain on whether digitally scanned images can satisfactorily present subtle differences in the nuclear features and chromatin patterns of cytological samples. @*Methods@#We prepared 30 whole-slide images (WSIs) from the conventional PT archive by a selection process for digital PT. Digital and conventional PT were performed in parallel for volunteer institutes, and the results were compared using feedback. To assess the quality of cytological assessment WSIs, 12 slides were collected and scanned using five different scanners, with four cytopathologists evaluating image quality through a questionnaire. @*Results@#Among the 215 institutes, 108 and 107 participated in glass and digital PT, respectively. No significant difference was noted in category C (major discordance), although the number of discordant cases was slightly higher in the digital PT group. Leica, 3DHistech Pannoramic 250 Flash, and Hamamatsu NanoZoomer 360 systems showed comparable results in terms of image quality, feature presentation, and error rates for most cytological samples. Overall satisfaction was observed with the general convenience and image quality of digital PT. @*Conclusions@#As three-dimensional clusters are common and nuclear/chromatin features are critical for cytological interpretation, careful selection of scanners and optimal conditions are mandatory for the successful establishment of digital quality assurance programs in cytology.

Establishment of Patient-Derived Gastric Cancer Organoid Model From Tissue Obtained by Endoscopic Biopsies

Cancer organoids are three-dimensional mini-organ analogues derived from cancer tissues and have been proposed as models capable of simulating the structure and function of human organs and tissues in vitro. We sought to establish gastric cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from tissues obtained by endoscopic biopsies. Gastric cancer-PDOs were successfully established and cultured from cancer tissues with gastric adenocarcinoma by endoscopic biopsies. To confirm that gastric cancer-PDOs were derived from cancer tissue, the consistency of the original cancer tissue was assessed by histopathological examination.As a result, it was confirmed that the shape and internal structure of gastric cancer-PDO were derived from the original gastric cancer cells, and the tumor specificity of gastric cancerPDO was confirmed through Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen antibody staining. These results demonstrate that gastric cancer-PDO models show the characteristics of primary tumors and have potential for drug screening and providing a personalized medicine platform.

Prognostic implications of stromal hyaluronic acid protein expression in resected oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancers

Background/Aims@#Hyaluronic acid (HA) regulates cell adhesion, migration and proliferation in various cancers. The clinical implications of HA in resected head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have not been elucidated. We investigated the clinical significance and prognostic value of the expression of tumoral and stromal HA and its related proteins in oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer. @*Methods@#Resected tissues from oropharyngeal or oral cavity cancer patients undergoing surgery were analysed in tissue microarrays divided into stroma and cancer panels. The expression levels of HA, HA synthases and hyaluronidases were also assessed by immunohistochemistry. @*Results@#A total of 160 resected oropharyngeal or oral cavity cancer tissues were analysed. Stromal HA expression was observed more frequently in human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative tumors, but other clinicopathological characteristics did not differ. In patients with HPV-negative oral cavity cancers, high stromal HA expression was associated with significantly shorter recurrence-free survival and overall survival compared with low stromal HA expression. The expression of HA in both tumors and stroma was significantly correlated with poorer outcomes than other combinations in patients with HPV-negative oral cavity cancers. However, these prognostic roles of HA were not observed in patients with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers. In the HPV-stratified multivariate analysis, high stromal HA expression remained an independent indicator of poor prognosis in terms of recurrence-free survival. @*Conclusions@#High stromal HA and expression of HA in both tumors and stroma were correlated with poor prognosis in HPV-negative oral cavity cancer, but not in HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers.

Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis in Korea: A Clinicopathological Study of Five Patients

BACKGROUND: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive liver diseases that present as neonatal cholestasis. Little is known of this disease in Korea. METHODS: The records of five patients histologically diagnosed with PFIC, one with PFIC1 and four with PFIC2, by liver biopsy or transplant were reviewed, and ATP8B1 and ABCB11 mutation status was analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. Clinicopathological characteristics were correlated with genetic mutations. RESULTS: The first symptom in all patients was jaundice. Histologically, lobular cholestasis with bile plugs was the main finding in all patients, whereas diffuse or periportal cholestasis was identified only in patients with PFIC2. Giant cells and ballooning of hepatocytes were observed in three and three patients with PFIC2, respectively, but not in the patient with PFIC1. Immunostaining showed total loss of bile salt export pump in two patients with PFIC2 and focal loss in two. Lobular and portal based fibrosis were more advanced in PFIC2 than in PFIC1. ATP8B1 and ABCB11 mutations were identified in one PFIC1 and two PFIC2 patients, respectively. One PFIC1 and three PFIC2 patients underwent liver transplantation (LT). At age 7 months, one PFIC2 patient was diagnosed with concurrent hepatocellular carcinoma and infantile hemangioma in an explanted liver. The patient with PFIC1 developed steatohepatitis after LT. One patient showed recurrence of PFIC2 after 10 years and underwent LT. CONCLUSIONS: PFIC is not rare in patients with neonatal cholestasis of unknown origin. Proper clinicopathologic correlation and genetic testing can enable early detection and management.

A Case of Generalized Granuloma Annulare in a Pediatric Patient / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Two Cases of Neonatal Lupus and Literature Review

Neonatal lupus is a rare rheumatic disease. Clinical manifestations include characteristic annular or macular rashes, congenital heart block, cytopenias, and hepatitis. Neonatal lupus is caused by transmission of maternal immunoglobulin G autoantibodies such as anti-SSA/Ro antibody or anti-SSB/La antibody to the fetus through the placenta. We report two cases of neonatal lupus. The first case refers to an 18-day-old male with annular rashes on both cheeks, neutropenia, positive tests for antinuclear antibody, anti-SSA/Ro antibody, and anti-SSB/La antibody. His mother was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus characterized by positive tests for antinuclear antibody, anti-SSA/Ro antibody, and anti-SSB/La antibody. The second case represents a 32-day-old female with annular rash on both hands, soles, and the genital area, neutropenia, hepatitis, positive tests for antinuclear antibody, and anti-SSA/Ro antibody. Skin punch biopsy was conducted. Her mother did not have history of connective tissue diseases. We referred her mother to the division of rheumatology of the department of internal medicine. The mother was suspected with primary Sjögren's syndrome because of arthralgia and dry eye symptoms with positive tests for antinuclear antibody, anti-SSA/Ro antibody, anti-SSB/La antibody, and rheumatoid factor. It is necessary to suspect neonatal lupus in neonates or infants with characteristic annular rash with or without maternal history of connective tissue disorders.

Inhibition of TNFα-interacting protein α (Tipα)-associated gastric carcinogenesis by BTG2(/TIS21) via downregulating cytoplasmic nucleolin expression

To understand the regulation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric carcinogenesis, we examined the effect of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) expression on the biological activity of Tipα, an oncoprotein secreted from H. pylori. BTG2, the human ortholog of mouse TIS21 (BTG2(/TIS21)), has been reported to be a primary response gene that is transiently expressed in response to various stimulations. Here, we report that BTG2 is constitutively expressed in the mucous epithelium and parietal cells of the gastric gland in the stomach. Expression was increased in the mucous epithelium following H. pylori infection in contrast to its loss in human gastric adenocarcinoma. Indeed, adenoviral transduction of BTG2(/TIS21) significantly inhibited Tipα activity in MKN-1 and MGT-40, human and mouse gastric cancer cells, respectively, thereby downregulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) expression and Erk1/2 phosphorylation by reducing expression of nucleolin, a Tipα receptor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that BTG2(/TIS21) inhibited Sp1 expression and its binding to the promoter of the nucleolin gene. In addition, BTG2(/TIS21) expression significantly reduced membrane-localized nucleolin expression in cancer cells, and the loss of BTG2(/TIS21) expression induced cytoplasmic nucleolin availability in gastric cancer tissues, as evidenced by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Higher expression of BTG2 and lower expression of nucleolin were accompanied with better overall survival of poorly differentiated gastric cancer patients. This is the first report showing that BTG2(/TIS21) inhibits nucleolin expression via Sp1 binding, which might be associated with the inhibition of H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis. We suggest that BTG2(/TIS21) is a potential inhibitor of nucleolin in the cytoplasm, leading to inhibition of carcinogenesis after H. pylori infection.

Clinicopathological Significance of Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Expression in Gastric Cancer

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of the large tumor suppressor (LATS) genes LATS1 and LATS2 by immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer, and to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of LATS expression and its correlation with overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: LATS1 and LATS2 expression in a tissue microarray was detected by immunohistochemistry, using 264 gastric cancer specimens surgically resected between July 2006 and December 2009. RESULTS: Low expression of LATS1 was significantly associated with more advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (P=0.001) and T stage (P=0.032), lymph node (LN) metastasis (P=0.040), perineural invasion (P=0.042), poor histologic grade (P=0.007), and diffuse-type histology by the Lauren classification (P=0.033). Low expression of LATS2 was significantly correlated with older age (≥65, P=0.027), more advanced AJCC stage (P=0.001) and T stage (P=0.001), LN metastasis (P=0.004), perineural invasion (P=0.004), poor histologic grade (P<0.001), and diffuse-type histology by the Lauren classification (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significantly poor OS rates in the groups with low LATS1 (P=0.037) and LATS2 (P=0.037) expression. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of LATS1 or LATS2 is a significant marker for a good prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.

Identification of Downstream Genes of the mTOR Pathway that Predict Recurrence and Progression in Non-Muscle Invasive High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Microarray analysis was used to investigate the lack of identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway downstream genes to overcome cross-talk at non-muscle invasive high-grade (HG)-urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder, gene expression patterns, gene ontology, and gene clustering by triple (p70S6K, S6K, and eIF4E) small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or rapamycin in 5637 and T24 cell lines. We selected mTOR pathway downstream genes that were suppressed by siRNAs more than 2-fold, or were up-regulated or down-regulated by rapamycin more than 2-fold. We validated mTOR downstream genes with immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) of 125 non-muscle invasive HG-UC patients and knockout study to evaluate the synergistic effect with rapamycin. The microarray analysis selected mTOR pathway downstream genes consisting of 4 rapamycin up-regulated genes (FABP4, H19, ANXA10, and UPK3A) and 4 rapamycin down-regulated genes (FOXD3, ATP7A, plexin D1, and ADAMTS5). In the TMA, FABP4, and ATP7A were more expressed at T1 and FOXD3 was at Ta. ANXA10 and ADAMTS5 were more expressed in tumors ≤ 3 cm in diameter. In a multivariate Cox regression model, ANXA10 was a significant predictor of recurrence and ATP7A was a significant predictor of progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. In an ATP7A knock-out model, rapamycin treatment synergistically inhibited cell viability, wound healing, and invasion ability compared to rapamycin only. Activity of the ANXA10 and ATP7A mTOR pathway downstream genes might predict recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. ATP7A knockout overcomes rapamycin cross-talk.

Two Cases of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae Developed in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

A Case of Adult-onset Xanthogranuloma on the Skin of the Third Toe / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split 1 Protein Expression in Invasive Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) is a member of the TLE family of transcriptional co-repressors that control the transcription of a wide range of genes. We investigated the prognostic significance of TLE1 protein expression in breast cancers by using immunohistochemistry and explored the relationship of TLE1 with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 456 cases of breast cancer tiled on tissue microarrays. The relationship between TLE1 expression in normal breast specimens and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was also analyzed. RESULTS: TLE1 was highly expressed in 57 of 456 (12.5%) carcinoma samples. TLE1 was more frequently expressed in DCIS and invasive breast cancers than in normal breast tissue (p=0.002). High expression of TLE1 significantly correlated with negative lymph node (LN) metastasis (p=0.007), high histologic grade (p<0.001), estrogen receptor negativity (p<0.001), progesterone receptor negativity (p<0.001), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (p<0.001), and high Ki-67 proliferation index (p<0.001). Based on intrinsic subtypes, high TLE1 expression was strongly associated with HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) (p<0.001). Survival analysis demonstrated no significant association between TLE1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.167) or overall survival (OS) (p=0.286). In subgroup analyses, no correlation was found between TLE1 expression and DFS or OS according to LN status or intrinsic subtype. CONCLUSION: High TLE1 expression is significantly associated with the HER2+ and TNBC subtypes. This is the first study documenting immunohistochemical expression of TLE1 in invasive breast cancer and its association with clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, and intrinsic subtype.

Expression of Programmed Death Receptor Ligand 1 with High Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with Better Prognosis in Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The interaction of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1), negatively regulates immune responses. This study aimed to clarify PD-L1 expression levels in breast cancer through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to evaluate associations between these findings and clinicopathologic variables, including prognosis. METHODS: PD-L1 expression was analyzed using IHC on tissue microarrays of 465 invasive breast carcinomas. RESULTS: High PD-L1 expression was demonstrated in 63 of 465 tumors (13.5%). High PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with high histologic grade (p<0.001), negative lymph nodes (p=0.011), early pathologic stage (p=0.025), high tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) (p<0.001) counts, negative estrogen receptor (p<0.001) and progesterone receptor (p=0.002) expression, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (p=0.003), cytokeratin 5/6 (p=0.011), epidermal growth factor receptor (p<0.001), and p53 (p<0.001) expression, and high Ki-67 proliferating index (p<0.001). Based on intrinsic subtypes, high PD-L1 expression and high TIL counts were significantly associated with the HER2 and triple-negative basal type (p<0.001). PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.041) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.026) in the univariate analysis, but not in the multivariate analysis. Higher TIL levels was an independent prognostic factor for decreased disease progression (hazard ratio [HR], 2.389; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.284–4.445; p=0.006) and overall death (HR, 3.666; 95% CI, 1.561–8.607; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: PD-L1 protein expression in breast cancer is associated with better DFS and OS, but is not an independent prognostic factor. High PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with high TIL levels. This finding has important implications for antibody therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling mechanism in breast cancer.

Protective Effect of Phosphatidylcholine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammation in Multiple Organ Injury

Soybean polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to exert anti-inflammatory activities and has potent effects in attenuating acute renal failure and liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PC in protecting multiple organ injury (MOI) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six groups of rats (N=8) were used in this study. Three groups acted as controls and received only saline, hydrocortisone (HC, 6 mg/kg, i.v.) or PC (600 mg/kg, i.p.) without LPS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injections. Other 3 groups, as the test groups, were administered saline, HC or PC in the presence of LPS. Six hours after the LPS injection, blood and organs (lung, liver and kidney) were collected from each group to measure inflammatory cytokines and perform histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assessment. Serum cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10) and MPO activities were significantly increased, and significant histopathological changes in the organs were observed by LPS challenge. These findings were significantly attenuated by PC or HC. The treatment with PC or HC resulted in a significant attenuation on the increase in serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines, while neither PC nor HC significantly attenuated serum levels of IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the organs, the enhanced infiltration of neutrophils and expression of ED2 positive macrophage were attenuated by PC or HC. Inductions of MPO activity were also significantly attenuated by PC or HC. From the findings, we suggest that PC may be a functional material for its use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

A Metastatic Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Producing Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Lung Causing Jejunal Intussusception: Report of a Case

A 75-year-old man was referred to our hospital with intestinal obstruction caused by intussusception. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed seven polypoid masses in the small intestine, while chest CT revealed a mass in the right lower lobe. Preoperative laboratory tests showed white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil differential counts of 63,630/mm3 and 95%, respectively. The serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was 114 pg/mL, which was elevated (normal range, <18.1 pg/mL). After resection of the small bowel, the WBC count decreased to 20,510/mm3. The pathology showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma with sarcomatous components confirmed by positive immunostaining of cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and vimentin in the small intestine. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry with specific monoclonal antibodies against G-CSF was positive. A lung biopsy revealed the same histological findings as the small intestine lesion. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed as having a G-CSF producing sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the small intestine.

Effects of Three Different Types of Anti-adhesive Agents in a Rat Abdominal Wall Defect Model

PURPOSE: Postsurgical adhesion formation is a significant clinical problem within every surgical specialty. Several adhesion barriers have been developed in the form of solution, membrane or film in an attempt to solve these problems. The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of antiadhesive agents in the prevention of postsurgical adhesion formation in a standardized rat adhesion model. METHODS: We examined forty Sprague-Dawley rats, which is a cecal abrasion with partial peritonectomy model. Three treatment groups (Group I: Film-type Surgiwrap(R), Group II: Solution-type Guardix-sol(R), Group III: Membrane-type Interceed(R)), each consists of 10 rats, and a control group of 10 rats were used by saline. Ten days after surgery, the rats were killed, and the levels of adhesion were graded. Immunohistochemical staining for microvessel density (CD34, MVD) and macrophage (ED1) were performed in adhesion tissue. RESULTS: The peritoneum adhesion mean scores are as follows: control group: 2.2+/-0.78, Group I: 1.0+/-1.06, Group II: 0.9+/-0.99, Group III: 0.6+/-0.84. All treatment groups showed significantly less peritoneum adhesion (P=0.006), while there was no significant difference in each group. The intraperitoneal organs adhesion mean scores are as follows: control group: 2.8+/-0.91, Group I: 2.6+/-1.06, Group II: 1.4+/-0.84, Group III: 1.0+/-0.81. Group I had no significant difference about intraperitoneal organs adhesion with control group, but Group II and Group III showed less intraperitoneal organs adhesion. The mean numbers of microvessel density are as follows: control group: 42.5+/-4.83, Group I: 40.8+/-6.53, Group II: 30.9+/-6.15, Group III: 15.60+/-4.37, from which there was a significant difference between Group II and Group III with control group (P<0.001). The mean numbers of macrophage are as follows: control group: 223.3+/-33.12, Group I: 211.25+/-10.96, Group II: 171.60+/-23.96, Group III: 147.0+/-12.22, from which there was a significant difference between Group II and Group III with control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In our animal model, three different types of antiadhesive agents (Surgiwrap(R), Guardix-sol(R), Interceed(R)) were effective in adhesion prevention, but Surgiwrap(R) had less antiadhesive effect for intraperitoneal organs adhesion. Membrane-type Interceed(R) had a better effect for microvessel density (MVD) and macrophage than solution-type Guardix-sol(R).

Atherosclerotic Progression Attenuates the Expression of Nogo-B in Autopsied Coronary Artery: Pathology and Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis

The relation of Nogo-B to atherosclerotic plaque progression is not well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression of Nogo-B in fibroatheromas (FA) of different stages, classified using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) analysis in 19 autopsied cases of non-sudden cardiac death. VH-IVUS imaging analysis was performed 30 mm from the ostium of each coronary artery. VH-IVUS revealed 11 early FAs (34.5+/-8.3 yr), 12 late FAs (42.6+/-16.6 yr), 8 thick-cap FAs (TkCFAs) (46.4+/-11.1 yr), and 6 thin-cap FAs (TCFAs) (51.8+/-6.8 yr). TkCFAs and TCFAs were defined as advanced FA. FA progression advanced with age (P=0.04). VH-IVUS analysis of small, early FAs showed smaller necrotic cores and relatively less calcium compared to more advanced FAs with large necrotic cores (P<0.001). Histopathology and immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that early or late FAs had smaller necrotic cores, less empty space of decalcification, and greater Nogo-B expression compared to advanced FAs (vs. early FA, P=0.013; vs. late FA, P=0.008, respectively). These findings suggest that FA progression is inversely associated with Nogo-B expression. Local reduction of Nogo-B may contribute to plaque formation and/or instability.

Intravascular Leiomyosarcoma of the Femoral Vein: A Case Report

Intravascular leiomyosarcomas of the femoral vein are extremely rare. Our patient was initially diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis based on ultrasonography and venography. The thrombectomy specimen consisted of typical spindle cells with variable anaplasia arranged in a fasciculating and interlacing pattern. The final diagnosis was proved to be an intravascular leiomyosarcoma confirmed by immunohistochemical studies for smooth muscle actin, desmin, vimentin, CD34 and CD68.

Correlation of Expression of galectin-3, skp2, p27 and cyclin D1 in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions

BACKGROUND: The overexpression of cyclin D1 and galectin-3 and the loss of p27 in thyroid cancers have recently been reported by many studies. The S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (skp2) plays an important role in the degradation of p27. We compared the correlation of the expressions of galectin-3, p27, cyclin D1 and skp2 in thyroid lesions. METHODS: Sixty five cases were included in this study and immunohistochemical staining for galectin-3, skp2, p27 and cyclin D1 was performed. RESULTS: The expression of galectin-3 increased in the order of nodular hyperplasia, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma (p<0.01). The expression rate of skp2 was 0% for nodular hyperplasia, 16.7% for follicular adenoma, 33.3% for follicular carcinoma and 16.7% for papillary carcinoma. The loss of the expression of p27 was more frequently detected in papillary carcinoma as compared with nodular hyperplasia (p<0.01). The increased expression of cyclin D1 was noted in follicular adenoma and carcinoma as compared with nodular hyperplasia (p=0.043). The expression of galectin-3 was related with the loss of a p27 expression (p<0.01), and the expression of skp2 was related with the expression of the cyclin D1 (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3 appears to be the most useful marker for making the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The loss of a p27 expression can help differentiate nodular hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma, and the determining the expression of cyclin D1 may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia and follicular neoplasm.

A case of prenatally diagnosed thanatophoric dysplasia type I using 3D multislice view / 대한산부인과학회지

Lethal skeletal dysplasia can be suspected at relatively early pregnancy by ultrasonography, but the final diagnosis is difficult to make. Genetic, histopathologic and radiologic examinations are needed for the diagnosis. The most common lethal skeletal dysplasia is thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) and which can be subdivided into two types according to its clinical features. Advances in prenatal ultrasound techniques, especially 3D multislice scan technique enable to get adequate plans to diagnose TD. We report one case of thanatophoric dysplasia type I diagnosed by new 3D multislice view technique and confirmed by histopathologic, genetic, radiologic examination after termination at 20 weeks of gestation.